What question did this study set out to answer?

To explore how dual-earner household status influences household outsourcing practices in Japan over time.

Time-series Changes in the Impact of Dual-Earner Households on Household Outsourcing:

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Examines how dual-earner status affects household outsourcing in Japan, indicating unique temporal trends.

To explore how dual-earner household status influences household outsourcing practices in Japan over time.
Analyzed microdata from Japan's Family Income and Expenditure Survey.
Compared household outsourcing between dual-earner and single-earner households.
Considered various life stages and income levels in the analysis.
A significant dual-earner effect exists in Japan, contrary to prior studies.
The gap in household outsourcing between dual-earner and single-earner households has decreased over time.

Yuichiro Hidaka (2026) studied this question.

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