Cyclic behaviour of point fixed glass façade systems: Benchmark model

Point fixed glass façade systems (PFGFSs) are critical modern building envelopes that merge architectural appeal with structural and thermal performance, yet lack robust methodologies for dynamic simulation and risk assessment. This study bridges the gap by developing a highly accurate, computationally efficient numerical benchmark model for full-scale PFGFSs validated against in-plane cyclic loading tests. The model integrates component-level validation of laminated glass panels (including interlayer effects), stainless steel spider arms, and carbon steel substructure to ensure physical fidelity while employing a simplified yet high-fidelity finite element approach to minimise computational cost without sacrificing precision. System-level validation demonstrated excellent agreement with experimental results, capturing critical behaviours such as dominant principal tensile stresses, elevated inner-layer glass stresses, and frame lateral resistance—key insights for seismic design. The results demonstrated strong performance in two evaluation metrics, accuracy and computational efficiency. the benchmark model achieved an average difference of 4.75% in reaction forces, indicating high accuracy, and required only 5% of the computational time compared with existing numerical models of the same experimental test. These outcomes highlight the efficiency and reliability of the developed benchmark model. By balancing accuracy with computational simplicity, this benchmark model provides a reliable foundation for seismic risk assessments and performance-based design, offering researchers a practical tool to enhance the safety and efficiency of modern façades.