This research formalizes a Casimir-type observable to explore vacuum energy properties in gravitational EFT, suggesting new connections to dark energy.
Abstract (English) If the vacuum contribution that gravitates at order G_N is dominated by infrared QCD correlations, the parameter kappa associated with the long-distance tail must decrease strongly as m_pi increases. Taking as microphysical input the nonlocal hadronic piece dominated by pi pi, one obtains the falsifiable prediction kappa_LDpi pi-el(m_pi) = 0.439, 0.136, 0.0618, 0.0295, 0.0141, and 0.00550 for m_pi = 135, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 MeV at r_LD = 2.62 fm, together with a small positive coupled-channel correction delta kappaK Kbar ≈ +0.00950 ± 0.00061 in the controlled window of a 2×2 Muskhelishvili-Omnes problem, so that kappa_total ≈ 0.449 lies close to the cosmological benchmark. The aim of this work is not to recalculate kappa, but to formalize an operational Casimir-type observable, defined as a difference or response with respect to an infrared regulator L, in which every strictly local EFT contribution, including Lambda_ren, cancels by construction. On that basis we articulate two levels: Tier-1, purely QFT/EFT and directly falsifiable on the lattice through finite-volume tests and m_pi scaling; and Tier-2, where a causal FRW bridge based on Schwinger-Keldysh, a retarded inverse of the operator D, and the identification L_phys = H⁻¹ allows one to discuss cosmological closure under explicit hypotheses. The manuscript does not solve the strong cosmological-constant problem; its central result is a clean operational definition, a self-contained lattice program, and a set of closed numerical predictions that can refute or support the nonlocal reading. As an additional Tier-2 route, we summarize a Jacobson-inspired thermodynamic motivation in which an offset strictly proportional to gmu nu does not appear in the null projection and the nonlocal piece is connected with an entropic observable xi. Resumen (Español) Si la contribución del vacío que gravita a orden G_N está dominada por correlaciones infrarrojas de QCD, el parámetro kappa asociado al tail de larga distancia debe decrecer con fuerza al aumentar m_pi. Tomando como input microfísico la pieza hadrónica no local dominada por pi pi, se obtiene la predicción falsable kappa_LDpi pi-el(m_pi) = 0.439, 0.136, 0.0618, 0.0295, 0.0141 y 0.00550 para m_pi = 135, 200, 250, 300, 350 y 400 MeV a r_LD = 2.62 fm, junto con una corrección acoplada pequeña y positiva delta kappaK Kbar ≈ +0.00950 ± 0.00061 en la ventana controlada de un problema Muskhelishvili-Omnes 2×2, de modo que kappa_total ≈ 0.449 queda cerca del benchmark cosmológico. El objetivo de este trabajo no es recalcular kappa, sino formalizar un observable operacional tipo Casimir, definido como diferencia o respuesta respecto a un regulador infrarrojo L, en el que toda contribución estrictamente local de la EFT, incluido Lambda_ren, se anula por construcción. Sobre esa base articulamos dos niveles: un Tier-1, puramente QFT/EFT y directamente falsable en lattice mediante tests de volumen finito y del escalado con m_pi, y un Tier-2, donde un bridge FRW causal basado en Schwinger-Keldysh, un inverso retarded del operador D y la identificación L_phys = H⁻¹ permite discutir el cierre cosmológico bajo hipótesis explícitas. El manuscrito no resuelve el problema fuerte de la constante cosmológica; su resultado central es una definición operacional limpia, un programa lattice autocontenido y un conjunto de predicciones numéricas cerradas que permiten refutar o sostener la lectura no local. Como ruta adicional de Tier-2, se resume una motivación termodinámica inspirada en Jacobson en la que un offset estrictamente proporcional a gmu nu no aparece en la proyección nula y la pieza no local se conecta con un observable entrópico xi.
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Miguel Ángel Moreno Barajas (2026) studied this question.
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