THE MODAL DISCIPLINE OF CREATION, GOD, ATHEISM, AND EVOLUTION: a confrontation between contemporary bibliography on religions and the Theory of Objectivity

This article develops a critical–propositional analysis of contemporary bibliography on the major religions, the concepts of God and creationism, scientific atheism, and their relations to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, placing this broad field in confrontation with the Theory of Objectivity (TO). Rather than reducing the debate to the classical opposition between religion and science, the paper argues that the contemporary discussion is structurally plural, involving creationism, intelligent design, naturalistic atheism, theistic evolution, cognitive science of religion, and competing ontological interpretations of the universe. Against this background, the article examines the Theory of Objectivity as a modal–ontological framework that repositions the debate at a deeper level. Its central claim is that the decisive philosophical issue is not simply whether God is compatible with Darwinian evolution, but whether any theory of creation, nature, intelligence, and knowledge can satisfy the minimal logical conditions of intelligibility, differentiation, composition, boundary, observability, and transcendence. The paper also incorporates contemporary atheist bibliography and argues that scientific atheism is particularly effective against conceptions of God as an intramundane competing cause, yet less decisive against an ontological framework in which transcendence is understood as a condition of possibility of the universe or, in a more refined TO-centered formulation, as knowledge or information produced in atomic relations and equivalent to atomic radiations. A major contribution of the article is its articulation of the debate with the cosmological Eras of the Theory of Objectivity — the Antagonistic Era, the Era of Logical Tracks, the Era of Logical Currents of Tertiary Plasma, the Centrifugal Era, and the Era of Units of Intelligence. In this perspective, intelligence is interpreted not as a marginal by-product of matter, but as the observational culmination of the cosmos: the phase in which the universe becomes reflexively observable, memorial, and capable of producing and preserving informational transcendence. The article concludes that the Theory of Objectivity should be read neither as literalist creationism nor as a rejection of evolution, but as a modal discipline that redistributes creation, atheism, science, and evolution according to distinct ontological and phenomenic levels. Authors’ note: This article benefited from the analytical support of ChatGPT in bibliographic organization, comparative structuring, and critical–propositional systematization. Keywords Theory of Objectivity; religion and science; atheism; God; creationism; evolution; Darwin; modal ontology; cosmology; intelligence; transcendence; cognitive science of religion; philosophy of religion; philosophy of science; metaphysics