Exploring the physicochemical properties of carbon dots for antibacterial applications: A comprehensive review

Carbon dots (CDs) are gaining popularity due to their unique physicochemical features and broad-spectrum antibacterial uses. Their high biocompatibility, adjustable photoluminescence, and adaptable surface chemistry make them interesting candidates for treating bacterial infections, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. CDs possess antibacterial properties through various mechanisms, including the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disruption of bacterial membranes, inhibition of quorum sensing, and degradation of biofilms. In comparison with typical quantum dots, CDs have decreased toxicity, increased stability, and environmentally friendly synthesis alternatives, notably from biological and sustainable sources. These qualities make them useful for biomedical applications such as antimicrobial coatings, biofilm destruction, bacterial imaging, and targeted medication administration. This review objectively assesses the structural variation, synthesis techniques, and antibacterial processes of CDs, highlighting their therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we describe advances in surface modification, green synthesis methodologies, and their incorporation into multifunctional antimicrobial systems. CDs are a potential class of nanomaterials that can revolutionize antibacterial therapy by delivering novel strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance and enhance infection control.