What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to quantify how heat treatment temperature, holding time, and heating rate influence residual stress in L-PBF 316L stainless steel.

March 21, 2026

Experimental and numerical investigation of residual stress evolution under heat treatment in L-PBF 316L steel

Puntos clave

This research aims to quantify how heat treatment temperature, holding time, and heating rate influence residual stress in L-PBF 316L stainless steel.
Conducted heat treatment experiments at temperatures ranging from 650 to 900 °C.
Employed X-ray diffraction to measure residual stress changes.
Utilized numerical simulations to model the stress evolution during heat treatment.
At 900 °C for 1 hour, residual stresses decrease to below 50 MPa, achieving over 90% stress relief.
Higher temperatures significantly reduce stresses, while the effect of holding time is less pronounced at elevated temperatures.
The developed model successfully captures temperature-time-rate interactions during heat treatment.

Resumen

Residual stress critically affects the performance and reliability of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) 316L stainless steel. While heat treatment (HT) is essential, existing constitutive models often fail to capture relaxation under variable temperature conditions and are limited to narrow ranges. This work quantifies the effects of HT temperature (650–900 °C), holding time and heating rate using X-ray diffraction and numerical simulations. Stress reduction is governed mainly by temperature; at 900 °C for 1 h, stresses fall below 50 MPa (>90% relief), while the influence of holding time diminishes at higher temperatures. A validated 650–900 °C model captures coupled temperature–time–rate effects and shows most stress is relieved during heating rather than soaking, enabling HT schedule optimization.

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