A dataset of vegetation and soil survey in the Urat National Nature Reserve of Haloxylon ammodendron and Equus hemionus, Inner Mongolia

The Urat National Nature Reserve of Haloxylon ammodendron and Equus hemionus in Inner Mongolia is located in the ecological transition zone between the desert ecosystem to the grassland desert ecosystems. As a key area for biodiversity conservation in northern China, it harbors rich and unique biological resources. In the ecological security framework, it not only forms an important ecological protection barrier along the frontier of the national border but also serves as a core component of the national major ecological engineering system. This research focuses on the core plant communities of fixed sample plots. Using standardized field survey methods, a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the species composition of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants within 100×100m standard sample plots. Soil cores were collected from five 0–20 cm layers along an ″S″-shaped pattern. Multiple soil physical and chemical properties were measured using a combination of methods and instruments, including the aluminum box drying constant weight method, ring knife method, wet sieving method, element analyzer, pH meter, and conductivity meter. After systematic data analysis and quality control, the dataset provides vegetation composition and soil environmental characteristics of the Urat Haloxylon Forest Reserve in 2021 and 2023. The construction of this dataset is of great significance for long-term ecological monitoring of the reserve and has important scientific value for evidence-based management, ecological restoration decision-making, and biodiversity conservation.