Analysis of aortic valve prostheses using advanced cardiovascular imaging—a patient-specific reversed translational approach

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Overview of experimental setup. Figure created with17,25.

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  Fig. 2. Flow velocities measured using vector flow ultrasound at the center of the vessel and at four near-wall regions of interest. The mean values are connected by a 3D mesh-grid to illustrate the distribution of flow velocity at the analysis plane. The mesh-grid color indicates the magnitude within the presented scale. A anterior, IC inner curvature, P posterior, OC outer curvature.

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  Fig. 3. Distribution of the maximum wall shear stress (WSSMax) assessed with vector flow ultrasound. The values are shown as mean ± standard deviation for n = 5 measurements within four regions of interest at defined analysis planes. A anterior, IC inner curvature, P posterior, OC outer curvature.

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  Fig. 4. Qualitative wall shear stress distribution during peak systole of the cardiac cycle visualized in anterior and anterolateral view in 4D flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

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  Fig. 5. Quantitative assessment of the pressure gradient and kinetic energy loss (EL) using 4D flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging: (A) Pressure gradient at distinct locations within the aortic phantom with respect to the reference analysis plane coinciding with the heart valve, (B) Comparison of the portions of total kinetic EL, i.e. relative kinetic EL between the defined analysis planes for all valves considered. STJ sinotubular junction, midAoAsc mid-ascending aorta, disAoAsc distal ascending aorta, AoArc aortic arch, midAoDesc mid-descending aorta.

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  Fig. 6. Velocity visualization within a cross-sectional plane at the vena contracta in 4D flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging indicating the shape of the effective orifice area: (A) INTUITY Elite 23 mm; (B) Perceval S; (C) SAPIEN 3 Ultra 23 mm; (D) Evolut PRO + 26 mm.

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  Fig. 7. Blood flow patterns within the thoracic aorta visualized with streamlines in anterolateral view using 4D flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging: (A) INTUITY Elite 23 mm; (B) Perceval S; (C) SAPIEN 3 Ultra 23 mm; (D) Evolut PRO + 26 mm.