This analysis examines deterrence and nuclear strategies in Europe, suggesting a need for integration to improve security.
The European security architecture is undergoing its most profound transformation since 1945. Following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the "peace dividend" has been replaced by a "deterrence deficit." This analysis examines the two primary pillars of European security: NATO's conventional "Forward Defence" and France's recalibrating nuclear doctrine. It argues that while both have evolved, they remain siloed. To achieve a "strategically complete" posture, Europe must bridge the gap between conventional denial and nuclear signaling while addressing the industrial "cost-imbalance" of modern attrition.
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R.K.D. Kho (2026) studied this question.
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