This theoretical analysis derives Maxwell's equations, examining charge properties and gauge symmetry implications.
All four Maxwell equations derived from the foam wave equation □D = 0, the Helmholtz decomposition, and Volterra's theorem (1907). Charge quantisation from O_h lattice rotation discreteness (e/3, 2e/3, e). Charge conservation from winding number conservation. Gauge invariance from foam translational symmetry. Zero electromagnetic postulates. Zero free parameters.
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Luke Martin (2026) studied this question.
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