An Extended Ontology of Photons on a DMF Basis / DMF 基底におけるフォトン存在論の拡張

Short Abstract This study proposes an ontological reconstruction of photons based on the concept of Dynamic Mass Flow (DMF), extending the scope of analysis to include vacuum, gravity, dark matter, and dark energy within a unified conceptual framework. Conventional physics successfully describes observational phenomena using particles, fields, and spacetime geometry, yet leaves unresolved the ontological nature of the vacuum and the foundational basis of photon propagation. Starting from the empirical facts that photons propagate through vacuum and are deflected by gravity, this study demonstrates that the assumption of vacuum as “nothingness” is incompatible with observation. To address this inconsistency, DMF is introduced as a minimal ontological concept, describing existence as a continuous, non-local flow of mass, energy, and information prior to their fixation into particles or localized structures. Within this framework, photons are redefined as wave-like energy correlation modes inherent to DMF, rather than as particle-like entities. Gravity is reinterpreted not as a force but as a structural gradient of DMF, while gravitational lensing is understood as a refractive phenomenon arising from spatial variation in propagation conditions. Furthermore, dark matter and dark energy are unified as scale-dependent projections of DMF structure, corresponding respectively to local structural configurations and global flow dynamics. Importantly, this study does not introduce new physical laws, particles, or interactions. Instead, it preserves the predictive and mathematical success of standard cosmology while reorganizing its ontological foundations. The DMF framework thus provides a coherent and integrative perspective in which photons, vacuum, gravity, and dark phenomena are understood as manifestations of a single underlying structure. https://orcid.