Subtype-specific risk patterns and asymptomatic progression in moyamoya disease: angiographic biomarkers for clinical stratification.

Ischemic MMD was independently associated with male predominance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, while hemorrhagic transformation correlated with lower BMI, hypercholesterolemia, and choroidal anastomosis. PCA involvement and choroidal anastomosis emerged as critical biomarkers for asymptomatic risk stratification.