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This analysis reveals the necessary conditions for system identity to persist, implying strict structural constraints.
All sciences describe how systems behave under transformation.None defines the condition under which a system can remain the same system at all. From minimal assumptions — distinguishable states, realizable transformation, and irreversibility — it follows that persistence is only possible under a strict structural constraint: If this condition is violated, identity erosion is already structurally in progress.
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Marc Maibom (2026) studied this question.
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