Contrary to recent suggestions, ecotourism and park visitor management cannot decarbonise the airline and hotel sectors at industry scale, though both can contribute to other environmental benefits under some circumstances. Industry-wide decarbonisation needs institutional changes, e.g. in relation to subsidies and fuel-tax exemptions. Frameworks relying only on individual choices are insufficient. They act as political pretences for further growth in carbon emissions, and tourism land grabs in public protected areas.
Buckley et al. (Mon,) studied this question.