Renal Dysfunction in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy: An Interventional Study

Introduction: HIV infection is primarily caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), and has become a chronic condition with the advent of multi-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART can also lead to adverse effects, including renal dysfunction, especially in patients receiving Tenofovir-based regimens. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of renal dysfunction in HIV-infected patients on ART for ≥6 months; identify factors associated with renal dysfunction and assess the impact of Tenofovir duration on renal function. Methodology: The study included 300 HIV-positive patients on Tenofovir-based ART for at least six months. Renal dysfunction was defined based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): mildly decreased renal function as eGFR 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m², and kidney failure as eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m². Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were collected using a pre-validated, structured questionnaire with convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Among 300 HIV-positive patients on Tenofovir-based ART for ≥6 months, 45% had mildly decreased renal function, while 0.3% experienced kidney failure. Mean age was 37.97 years (SD 11.15), with age showing a significant association with renal function (p <0.001); younger participants predominantly had normal renal function, whereas older age groups had higher impairment rates. Conclusion: Prevalence of renal dysfunction among HIV patients on Tenofovir-based ART was notable at 45.3%. Age, body weight, serum potassium, and albumin levels were significant predictors of renal function. These findings emphasize the importance of routine renal monitoring in HIV positive patients receiving Tenofovir based ART, to ensure early detection and intervention.