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This analysis develops a control strategy for a thermal energy storage system that supports grid and industrial heating, indicating supportive interactions between energy sectors.
We present a systems-level dynamic analysis and control strategy for a recuperated supercritical CO2 Brayton-cycle pumped thermal energy storage system designed to simultaneously deliver grid energy-storage services and multitemperature heat input to industrial sites. A control-oriented dynamic model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink; turbomachinery submodels and finite-volume heat exchanger models capture the thermodynamic transient behavior. Accordingly, control functions are designed and assessed against four objectives: antisurge control for safe turbomachinery operation, cycle power set point tracking for grid services, inventory control to enable operating-point transitions, and coordinated startup/shutdown sequencing. Simulations demonstrate robust transient performance, with power-tracking settling times of 15–45s. Inventory control enables reliable switching between thermodynamic cycle configurations for multitemperature heat pumping, stabilizing pressures within 48 s and temperatures within 73 s. Together, these results provide ramp-rate constraints relevant to operational scheduling and support the feasibility of PTES as a bridge between variable renewable electricity and industrial thermal demand.
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Albay et al. (2026) studied this question.
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