Experimental findings demonstrate effective multi-substituted cyclopenta[b]indole synthesis using carbocation intermediates, indicating promising synthetic strategies.
The binary‐acid complexes HfCl 4 or ZrCl 4 /diphenyl phosphate PA could promote in situ generation of stabilized carbocations from γ‐indolyl‐β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters, which were further trapped by different nucleophiles (e.g., thiols and indoles). Under mild conditions, the reaction afforded multi‐substituted cyclopenta[ b ]indoles in up to 91% yield with low to good stereoselectivity.
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Song et al. (2026) studied this question.
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