Surgery is undergoing a profound digital transformation, driven by advances in artificial intelligence, computer vision, sensor technologies, and cloud connectivity. These innovations are redefining the operating room as a dynamic, data-native environment where multimodal information streams support real-time decision-making, predictive modeling, and personalized workflows. From digital twins and autonomous task execution to global tele-mentoring and remote postoperative care, the emerging ecosystem of “intelligence, connectivity, and code” is reshaping surgical practice. Ensuring transparency and patient-centered implementation will be critical as surgery accelerates into its digital future.
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Kudsi et al. (2026) studied this question.
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