The Levels, Prevalence, and Related Factors of Toxic Leadership Among Nurses Outside the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Puntos clave

• The research aims to assess levels of toxic leadership among nurses outside the U.S. and identify contributing factors.
• Conducted a systematic review of literature on toxic leadership levels in nursing outside the U.S.
• Performed a meta-analysis on prevalence rates of toxic leadership among nurses.
• Analyzed individual and organizational factors impacting perceptions of toxic leadership.
• Moderate levels of toxic leadership identified among nurses in various countries.
• Approximately one-third of nurses reported high levels of toxic leadership exposure.
• Individual factors like personal experiences and organizational factors significantly influence these perceptions.