Bioavailability of lutein following short-term consumption of raw vegetables and juice

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Lutein, a dietary carotenoid, plays a crucial role in protecting eye health as an anti-inflammatory agent and antioxidant.Green leafy vegetables constitute a major source of lutein; however, comparative studies on different consumption methods are limited.Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the bioavailability of lutein from lutein-rich foods, namely, raw vegetables and raw vegetable juice.SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this study, 18 adults were recruited.They were randomly divided into three groups: commercial lutein supplement (LUT, 20 mg), raw vegetable (RV), and raw vegetable juice (RVJ) groups.Blood was collected at 0-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 24-, and 30-h intervals after the consumption of each test meal.Participants' serum lutein levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Considering lutein's wellestablished anti-inflammatory properties, changes in inflammatory status were assessed by measuring serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels.Furthermore, urinary metabolomic profiling was conducted using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to evaluate metabolic alterations.RESULTS: After consuming each lutein-rich food, participants' blood lutein levels were analyzed, and the serum concentration peaked at 12 h (0.37 0.13 g/mL), 24 h (0.61 0.18 g/mL), and 30 h (0.42 0.16 g/mL) after RV, LUT, and RVJ consumption, respectively.Additionally, hs-CRP levels decreased following lutein-rich food consumption.Twelve hours after consumption, hs-CRP levels decreased to 0.81 and 0.83 mg/L in the RV and RVJ groups, respectively.Twenty-four hours after consumption, they further decreased to 0.68 and 0.74 mg/L in the LUT and RVJ groups, respectively.Thirty hours after consumption, a reduction to 0.61 mg/L was observed in the RVJ group.Furthermore, after consuming each luteinrich food, N-acetyl glycoprotein levels decreased at 24 h, reflecting metabolic alterations potentially associated with lutein metabolism.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the short-term consumption of lutein-rich foods, regardless of their type or source, potentially yields health benefits.