Telemonitoring for heart failure: a meta-analysis

Figures

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  Figure 1. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow-chart.103

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  Figure 2. Forest plot all-cause mortality. TM, telemonitoring; STS, structured telephone support; complex TM, complex telemonitoring; hTMS, home telemonitoring systems; CIED, cardiac implantable electronic devices; IHM, invasive haemodynamic monitoring. *The studies of Mortara et al.71 and Cleland et al.30 have multiple intervention arms. Therefore, those articles are presented more than once in the forest plot. In the subtotal non-invasive home telemonitoring systems and the total pooled analysis, event rates of each study arm are added together. **From the article of Lindenfeld et al., the post-COVID analysis was used, to avoid bias in observed outcomes due to the COVID pandemic.

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  Figure 3. Forest plot first hospitalization. TM, telemonitoring; STS, structured telephone support; complex TM, complex telemonitoring; hTMS, home telemonitoring systems; CIED, cardiac implantable electronic devices; IHM, invasive haemodynamic monitoring. *The studies of Mortara et al.71 and Cleland et al.30 have multiple intervention arms. Therefore, those articles are presented more than once in the forest plot. In the subtotal non-invasive home telemonitoring systems and the total pooled analysis, event rates of each study arm are added together.

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  Figure 4. Forest plot total hospitalizations. TM, telemonitoring; STS, structured telephone support; complex TM, complex telemonitoring; hTMS, home telemonitoring systems; CIED, cardiac implantable electronic devices; IHM, invasive haemodynamic monitoring. *The studies of Mortara et al.71 have multiple intervention arms. Therefore, those articles are presented more than once in the forest plot. In the subtotal non-invasive home telemonitoring systems and the total pooled analysis, event rates of each study arm are added together. **From the article of Lindenfeld et al., the post-COVID analysis was used, to avoid bias in observed outcomes due to the COVID pandemic.