Population
Patients with combined cardiac failure and chronic renal failure (severe cardiorenal syndrome)
Design
Review
Authors
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Theoretical cardiorenal model should not guide therapy; leaves open prospective validation of feedback loops.
Provides a theoretical framework for understanding the accelerated morbidity and mortality in severe cardiorenal syndrome through interconnected pathophysiological feedback loops.
Bongartz et al. (2004) studied this question.
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