Anthropometric measures and adverse outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: revisiting the obesity paradox

Figures

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  Figure 1. Calculation of anthropometric measures. This figure describes the calculation of each of the anthropometric measures. BMI, body mass index; BRI, body roundness index; BSA, body surface area; BSI, body shape index; RFM, relative fat mass; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; WWI, weight-adjusted-waist index.

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  Figure 2. Distribution of body mass index and waist-to-height-ratio according to sex. This figure shows the frequency distribution curves of body mass index and waist-to-height ratio, respectively, according to sex. The red line and bars represent women, and the blue line and bars represent men.

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  Figure 3. Outcomes according to body mass index. This figure shows the risk of heart failure hospitalization or cardiovascular death, its components, and all-cause death, according to continuous body mass index. The solid line represents the hazard ratio and the shaded area the 95% CI. The reference is a body mass index of 25 kg/m2. The blue spline is adjusted for treatment and region. The red spline is adjusted for treatment, age, sex, region, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, log of n-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, New York Heart Association functional class, heart failure aetiology, duration of heart failure, prior heart failure hospitalization, a history of diabetes, and atrial fibrillation. CI, confidence interval; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio.

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  Figure 4. Outcomes according to waist-to-height ratio. This figure shows the risk of heart failure hospitalization or cardiovascular death, its components, and all-cause death, according to continuous waist-to-height ratio. The solid line represents the hazard ratio and the shaded area the 95% CI. The reference is the median waist-to-height ratio (0.58). The blue spline is adjusted for treatment and region. The red spline is adjusted for treatment, age, sex, region, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, log of n-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, body mass index, New York Heart Association functional class, heart failure aetiology, duration of heart failure, prior heart failure hospitalization, a history of diabetes, and atrial fibrillation. CI, confidence interval; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio.