Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medications and Long-Term Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases

Figure 1.. Selection of Cases and Matched Controls ADHD indicates attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CVD, cardiovascular disease. aControls were derived from the same base cohort as the cases; thus, a case with a later date of CVD diagnosis could potentially serve as a control for another case in the study.

Figure 2.. Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Associated With Cumulative Duration of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Medication Use Crude odds ratios (ORs) were based on cases and controls matched on age, sex, and calendar time. Adjusted ORs (AORs) were based on cases and controls matched on age, sex, and calendar time and adjusted for country of birth, educational level, somatic comorbidities (type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and sleep disorders), and psychiatric comorbidities (anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, depressive disorder, eating disorders, intellectual disability, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders).

Figure 3.. Association Between Cumulative Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication (ADHD) Use and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease The solid lines represent the adjusted odds ratios, and the shaded areas represent the 95% CIs. In restricted cubic splines analysis, knots were placed at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of ADHD medication use.