Cohort study reveals elevated TNF-α and anaerobic metabolic shifts in ventilator-associated pneumonia, suggesting distinct pathogen-driven pathways beyond standard mechanical ventilation.
Mechanical ventilation was associated with temporal changes in lung microbiome composition independent of VAP development. VAP cases exhibited higher TNF-α levels and metabolic profiles indicative of anaerobic adaptation, while IL-1β elevations were primarily linked to mechanical ventilation rather than infection.
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Bustos et al. (2025) studied this question.
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