Surveillance analysis reveals rising methamphetamine and cocaine deaths alongside illicit fentanyls in the US, indicating a fourth wave intertwined with the opioid crisis.
A 'fourth wave' of high mortality involving methamphetamine and cocaine use has been gathering force in the USA. Availability and use of illicit fentanyls are still the major drivers of overdose deaths and the current rise in stimulant-related deaths appears entwined with the ongoing opioid epidemic.
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Daniel Ciccarone (2021) studied this question.
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