Immunotherapy-Associated Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Two Case Reports and a Literature Review

The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has transformed the treatment landscape of various malignancies. While these therapies have demonstrated significant efficacy, they are often accompanied by immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Among these, hematologic immune-related toxicities are notably rare. Here, we describe 2 cases of immunotherapy-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia (ir-AIHA) following the use of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) ICIs in patients with locally advanced melanoma and cervical cancer. With the increasing use of ICIs, it is essential for physicians to maintain a high index of clinical suspicion for this rare but serious irAE, ensuring timely diagnosis and effective management to optimize patient outcomes.