Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia following Ipilimumab plus Nivolumab Therapy in a Patient with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: A Case Report

The increased use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for pleural mesothelioma has resulted in a corresponding rise in the incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This case report describes a patient who developed autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) requiring treatment following ipilimumab plus nivolumab therapy. A 72-year-old female patient attended our department for an unscheduled appointment after developing jaundice following ipilimumab plus nivolumab therapy. Hemolytic anemia and a positive direct Coombs test resulted in a diagnosis of irAE-AIHA. Treatment included a red blood cell transfusion and steroid therapy. Hematological immune-related adverse events (hem-irAE) may occur following ICI administration, and their early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial.