From Nature to Nanomedicine: Engineered Plant-Derived Nanovesicles for Skin Disease

Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDN), as a novel class of natural nanocarriers, possess excellent biocompatibility and the capacity to load various bioactive components, offering new perspectives for the treatment of skin diseases. However, natural PDN suffer from limited skin penetration and weak targeting ability. By applying engineering strategies such as chemical modification and membrane hybridization, these intrinsic limitations can be effectively overcome, thereby markedly enhancing their therapeutic efficacy against skin diseases. This review provides a systematic summary of the fundamental characteristics and engineering strategies of PDN. Based on the latest research advances, we also outline their therapeutic applications across various skin diseases, including inflammatory, infectious, wounds, aging-related, pigmentary, and tumors. In addition, we propose lesion-adapted administration strategies tailored to different skin diseases. We further highlight the major translational challenges and future opportunities of PDN, providing insight into how these engineered natural nanocarriers may reshape precision and next-generation therapies for skin diseases. Infographic on PDN defects, engineering strategies, delivery optimization and dermatological applications.The infographic is divided into four sections. The first section, Key Defects of PDN, includes poor permeability, poor retention, poor efficacy and poor targeting. The second section, Engineering Strategies, lists responsiveness, bionic, permeability retention, chemical modification and hybridization. The third section, Delivery Optimization, shows methods like hydrogel and micro-needle. The fourth section, Dermatological Application, includes aging, wound, UV damage, psoriasis, tumor and infection. The center features a diagram of a complex molecular structure.