Metal–Organic Framework Nanozymes: From Rational Design and Synthesis to Biomedical Applications

Metal-organic framework (MOF) nanozymes have recently demonstrated considerable potential for biomedical applications. The catalytic activity of MOF nanozymes is primarily determined by the coordination of metal ions and organic ligands. Additionally, optimizing the morphology and pore size enhances the catalytic efficiency. However, a systematic framework bridging structural features to functional performance remains limited. To guide rational design, this review systematically analyzes how the selection of metal ions and organic ligands, as well as morphology, influences the catalytic activity of MOF nanozymes. The advantages and limitations of different synthesis methods are also summarized. Through concrete case studies, this review introduces major biomedical applications of MOF nanozymes, with a focus on their underlying catalytic mechanisms. Finally, key challenges confronting MOF nanozymes are critically analyzed, and future research directions are proposed.