Presents a framework for AI personhood across four levels, indicating potential implications for legal rights.
Presents the ACEA Framework for graduated AI personhood grounded in five empirically assessable pillars. Drawing on corporate personhood (1819), environmental personhood (2017), and animal rights jurisprudence, the paper introduces a four-level graduated rights model (Tool through Full Person) and the Precautionary Principle for AI Consciousness.
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Moosbrugger et al. (2026) studied this question.
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