Artificial intelligence-estimated biological heart age using a 12-lead electrocardiogram predicts mortality and cardiovascular outcomes

Figures

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  Figure 1. Creation of the study datasets. ECG, electrocardiography.

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  Figure 2. Overview of an artificial intelligence-based age prediction algorithm using a 12-lead electrocardiogram. ECG, electrocardiography.

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  Figure 3. Correlation between the AI-estimated biological ECG heart age and chronological age shown via a heat map. AI, artificial intelligence; ECG, electrocardiography; MAE, mean absolute error.

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  Figure 4. (A) Adjusted cumulative incidence curves for all-cause mortality. (B) Adjusted cumulative incidence curves for cardiovascular-related mortality. (C) Adjusted cumulative incidence curves for cardiovascular hospitalizations. (D) Adjusted survival curves for MACE. MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events.