Three-Dimensional Eulerian Approach to Droplet Impingement Simulation Using FENSAP-ICE, Part 1: Model, Algorithm, and Validation

To realistically compute three-dimensional droplet impingement on aircraft and engines, an Eulerian model for diphasic aire ows containing water droplets is proposed as an alternative to the traditional Lagrangian particle tracking approach. The partial differential equations-based model is presented, together with details on the numerical methods and its algorithmic implementation in three dimensions within the e nite element Navier ‐Stokes analysis package for icing. Code validations in two and three dimensions are presented in comparison with published NASA experimental impingement results, and numerical accuracy requirements are discussed.