Elevated blood pressure and risk of aortic valve disease: a cohort analysis of 5.4 million UK adults

Figure 1. Hazard ratios for aortic stenosis (A) and aortic regurgitation (B) by categories of systolic blood pressure. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are displayed using floating absolute risk. Square sizes are inversely proportional to standard error and horizontal lines depict 95% confidence intervals. Models are adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, year of initial blood pressure measurement, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and practice-level index of multiple deprivation. AS, aortic stenosis; AR, aortic regurgitation; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

Figure 2. Hazard ratios for aortic stenosis (A) and aortic regurgitation (B) per 20 mmHg higher systolic blood pressure, by subgroups. Models are adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, year of initial blood pressure measurement, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and practice-level index of multiple deprivation. AS, aortic stenosis; AR, aortic regurgitation; BMI, body mass index.

Figure 3. Stratified analyses for aortic stenosis (A) and aortic regurgitation (B) per 20 mmHg. Models are adjusted for sex, body mass index, smoking, calendar year of inclusion into the cohort, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol.

Figure 4. Hazard ratios for aortic stenosis (A) and aortic regurgitation (B) per 10 mmHg higher diastolic blood pressure or per 15 mmHg higher pulse pressure, by age categories. Models are adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, year of initial BP measurement, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and practice-level index of multiple deprivation. AS, aortic stenosis; AR, aortic regurgitation; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure.