Overview outlines recognition, causes, mechanisms, and management of clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.
Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) are defined and described, with guidelines for recognition and detection. The possible etiologies of clubbing and HOA as primary and secondary conditions are discussed. Pathophysiology and possible mechanisms responsible are described, with presentation of symptoms and signs, radiographic findings, and diagnosis and treatment . (Respir Care 1985;30:256-261.)
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Payne et al. (1985) studied this question.
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