CAFE-AI: a synergistic approach to integrating pedagogy and technology for AI literacy and growth mindset

This study addresses the need to prepare students for a technology-driven future by developing and testing the CAFE-AI model, an e-learning framework that integrates pedagogy with artificial intelligence (AI). The model operationalizes four components Content, Activity, Facilitation, and Evaluation (CAFE) through three AI paradigms: AI-directed, AI-supported, and AI-empowered. A research and development (R&D) approach was employed, including design, validation, and empirical testing in a university course. Validation involved subject matter and media experts, while effectiveness was examined using AI literacy and growth mindset instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and MANOVA. Results from expert evaluation and a pilot study (n = 80) indicated that the model is highly valid and feasible. A quasi-experimental study (n = 152) demonstrated that CAFE-AI is significantly more effective than conventional e-learning in improving AI literacy and growth mindset (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the CAFE-AI model provides an adaptive and effective framework for fostering essential digital competencies and promoting a growth-oriented mindset in higher education.