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This study investigates the structural dynamics of the startup ecosystem within Indian universities by employing Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) to identify and organize the critical enablers of innovation and entrepreneurship. Amid rising interest in university-driven innovation, the Indian context demands a nuanced understanding due to its socio-economic and institutional diversity. Through expert consultations and systematic modeling, this research reveals a hierarchical framework wherein incubation emerges as the foundational driver, followed by pivotal elements such as mentorship, networking, leadership, and funding. Academic regulations are positioned at the apex, indicating their overarching influence on shaping innovation behavior and institutional priorities. The study further explores how leadership integrates various components, and how cultural, educational, and regulatory factors interact to either support or constrain innovation. Regional disparities in innovation ecosystems are highlighted, with evidence showing variations in entrepreneurial attitudes and support structures across Indian states such as Karnataka, Gujarat, and Punjab. The discussion outlines actionable strategies for universities, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to translate these findings into measurable outcomes. Indicators such as patents filed, startups launched, and funding attracted are suggested as benchmarks for innovation success. By presenting a structured, scalable model, the study provides valuable insights for designing inclusive, resilient, and performance-driven university innovation ecosystems across India.
Pachava et al. (Wed,) studied this question.