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Warrants cautious biomarker interpretation in practice; leaves open validation of modifiable proxies in prospective redox studies.
We propose to consider the role of biomarkers as signs and to distinguish between signs that are just indicators of biological processes and proxies that one can interact with and modify the disease process. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 852-872.
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Ghezzi et al. (2017) studied this question.
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