Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Reverts Electromechanical Window Negativity to a Similar Extent as Biventricular Pacing

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. EMW assessment method, using echocardiography with a continuous‐wave Doppler applied over the aortic valve, both pre‐ as post‐CRT through BiVP. EMW is calculated by subtracting the QT from the QAoC interval. BiVP, biventricular pacing; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; EMW, electromechanical window; QAoC, time interval from the onset of the QRS complex to the center of the aortic valve closure artifact. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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  FIGURE 2. Study flow chart. BiVP, biventricular pacing; EMW, electromechanical window; LBBAP, left bundle branch area pacing; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.

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  FIGURE 3. Boxplot showing EMW values pre‐ and post‐CRT using BiVP and LBBAP. (A) Full cohort (BiVP: n = 52; LBBAP: n = 34); (B) subgroup of patients with a negative EMW at baseline (BiVP: n = 36; LBBAP: n = 21). BiVP, biventricular pacing; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; EMW, electromechanical window; LBBAP, left bundle branch area pacing; NS, not significant. † = difference of ∆EMW between BiVP and LBBAP. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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  FIGURE 4. Scatterplots showing Pearson correlation between ∆EMW and four predictor variables: baseline ∆QAoC, ∆QTc, ∆LVEF, and baseline QTc and EMW. Each plot includes a fitted regression line with correlation coefficient (R) and p values. BiVP, biventricular pacing; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; EMW, electromechanical window; LBBAP, left bundle branch area pacing; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; QAoC, time interval from the onset of the QRS complex to the center of the aortic valve closure artifact. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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  FIGURE 5. Boxplots showing the difference in LVEF, LVEDV, and LVESV, pre‐ and post‐CRT between BiVP and LBBAP. BiVP, biventricular pacing; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; EDV, end diastolic volume; ESV, end systolic volume; LBBAP, left bundle branch area pacing; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NS, not significant. † = difference of ∆EMW between BiVP and LBBAP. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]