Special study investigates phase transitions and plasma formation through a unified photon-thermal model, suggesting new insights.
This paper is a special study of the Photon-Thermal Unified Particle Model. It provides a unified microscopic explanation for phase transitions of matter, anomalous expansion of water at 0–4 °C, plasma formation, and specific heat capacity differences among various substances, all based on the concentration and Coulomb field confinement of photon-thermal particles.
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qin zhang (2026) studied this question.
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