What question did this study set out to answer?

To investigate how different writing devices affect notetaking strategies and learning processes during video lectures.

Taking notes with different writing devices influences learning processes but not performance: an EEG study comparing ink pens, digital pens, and keyboards

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Laboratory experiment examines effects of writing devices on learning processes, indicating strategy matters but not performance.

To investigate how different writing devices affect notetaking strategies and learning processes during video lectures.
Compared three writing devices: ink pens, digital pens, and keyboards.
Analyzed EEG data from 33 undergraduate students during active and constructive notetaking strategies.
Performed time-frequency analysis to evaluate brain wave activity across devices.
Significant differences in EEG power (theta, alpha, beta, gamma) between writing devices.
Higher power in alpha, beta, and gamma waves observed with pen types vs. keyboards.
Similar immediate post-test performance across all devices, despite differences in learning processes.

Shin et al. (2026) studied this question.

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