Key result
VST-dominant intervention with intermediate supervisory monitoring restructured ventilatory patterns, increasing tidal volume by 79.8% and decreasing respiratory frequency by 52.8% in one athlete.
Why the study?
The directional reproducibility of the Ventilatory Strategies & Training protocol signature outside the elite cohort and the consequences of unsupervised application remain poorly documented.
Does the VST protocol improve ventilatory patterns in athletes outside the WorldTour cohort, and what is the role of intermediate supervisory monitoring?
Case Report (n=2)
Does the VST protocol improve ventilatory patterns in athletes outside the WorldTour cohort, and what is the role of intermediate supervisory monitoring?
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
The VST ventilatory signature appears reproducible in non-WorldTour athletes, but intermediate supervisory monitoring may be crucial to prevent non-individualized ventilatory manipulation drift.
Background. The Ventilatory Strategies & Training (VST) protocol has been developed and validated in a cohort of professional cyclists (Ricci & Bouverot, 2025, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.16645438), with documented mechanical gains of +30 W at the first ventilatory threshold (VT1), +38 W at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), and +24 W at VO₂max over 48 weeks. The directional reproducibility of the VST ventilatory signature (Tv ↑, Rf ↓, VE-efficiency coupling) outside the absolute elite cohort remains poorly documented, as do the consequences of unsupervised application. Objective. To document the longitudinal trajectory of the ventilatory pattern in two athletes followed outside the WorldTour context, in contrasting intervention settings, and to examine the role of intermediate supervisory monitoring as a design variable for VST interventions. Methods. Retrospective observational case series n = 2, three complete dynamic physiological profilings per athlete (ramp test stages of 2 min / 25 W, VO₂ Master Pro, Moxy NIRS): TRI01 professional long-distance triathlete (33 years, 74-75 kg), VST-dominant ventilatory intervention (isocapnic training from December 2024, resistive inspiratory muscle training — PowerBreathe K5 — from March 2025) with four presential intermediate supervisory monitorings; EC01 elite amateur cyclist (30 years, 72 → 69 kg), multimodal intervention including isocapnic training but without intermediate monitoring until February 2025, followed by re-targeting of isocapnic exercise execution and introduction of a variable-resistance inspiratory training device (PowerBreathe K3). Results. TRI01 exhibits a progressive and coherent restructuration of the ventilatory pattern across the three profilings: at iso-power ~290 W, Rf decreases from 36.49 to 17.21 cycles·min⁻¹ (−52.8 %), Tv increases from 2.52 to 4.53 L (+79.8 %), and VE remains controlled (−14.4 %) between baseline and 12 months. EC01 shows in February 2025 a calibration drift characterized by a focus on Rf reduction without maintenance of tidal volume at rising intensity: at 322 W, Tv decreases to 3.24 L from 3.49 L at the previous stage, VE collapses to 91.61 L·min⁻¹ (vs. ~135 L·min⁻¹ expected at this intensity). After isocapnic re-targeting and introduction of structured inspiratory training, the June 2025 profiling shows at iso-power ~284 W a Tv maintained at 4.19 L and a VE of 92.20 L·min⁻¹ consistent with metabolic demand, accompanied by an improvement in FeO₂ (15.58 % vs. 16.99 % in February).Conclusion. The VST directional signature (Tv ↑, Rf ↓, VE-constrained) appears reproducible outside the WorldTour cohort. The qualitative differential between the two trajectories — optimized signature in TRI01, documented intermediate drift then corrected in EC01 — is compatible with a determining role of intermediate supervisory monitoring in the quality of restructuration. This differential is furthermore convergent with the reference case documented by Ricci & Bouverot (2025, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17657685) on non-individualized ventilatory manipulation drift. It cannot be excluded that other individual factors contributed to the observed differential; a prospective design would remain necessary to establish robust causality.
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Cyril Ricci (2026) conducted a case report in Athletes (n=2). Ventilatory Strategies & Training (VST) protocol was evaluated on Longitudinal trajectory of the ventilatory pattern. VST-dominant intervention with intermediate supervisory monitoring restructured ventilatory patterns, increasing tidal volume by 79.8% and decreasing respiratory frequency by 52.8% in one athlete.
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