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April 23, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Ventilatory pattern restructuration under VST-dominant intervention outside the WorldTour cohort: two contrasting trajectories and the role of intermediate supervisory monitoring

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CRCyril RicciInstitute on Taxation and Economic Policy

Key Result

VST-dominant intervention with intermediate supervisory monitoring restructured ventilatory patterns, increasing tidal volume by 79.8% and decreasing respiratory frequency by 52.8% in one athlete.

Key Points

  • This research aims to describe the changes in ventilatory patterns of two athletes under contrasting training interventions and the impact of supervision.
  • Retrospective observational case series with two athletes.
  • Dynamic physiological profiling was conducted three times per athlete using ramp tests and specialized equipment.
  • Interventions included VST-dominant training for one athlete and multimodal training for the other, with varying levels of supervision.
  • TRI01 showed a significant improvement in ventilatory pattern with a decrease in respiratory frequency and increase in tidal volume.
  • EC01 initially experienced a drift in ventilatory efficiency which was later corrected after implementing structured training and supervision.
  • Overall trends suggest effective implementation of VST strategies outside elite contexts is feasible with adequate monitoring.

Study Design

Type

Case Report (n=2)

Structured PICO

Does the VST protocol improve ventilatory patterns in athletes outside the WorldTour cohort, and what is the role of intermediate supervisory monitoring?

P
Population
n=2 athletes outside the WorldTour context (1 professional long-distance triathlete, 33 years, 74-75 kg; 1 elite amateur cyclist, 30 years, 72-69 kg)
I
Intervention
Ventilatory Strategies & Training (VST) protocol (isocapnic training and resistive inspiratory muscle training) with or without intermediate supervisory monitoring
O
Outcome
Longitudinal trajectory of the ventilatory pattern (respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation)surrogate

The VST ventilatory signature appears reproducible in non-WorldTour athletes, but intermediate supervisory monitoring may be crucial to prevent non-individualized ventilatory manipulation drift.

Limitations

  • Other individual factors cannot be excluded
  • A prospective design would remain necessary to establish robust causality
  • Cannot exclude other individual factors contributing to the observed differential
  • Lack of prospective design

Abstract

Background. The Ventilatory Strategies EC01 elite amateur cyclist (30 years, 72 → 69 kg), multimodal intervention including isocapnic training but without intermediate monitoring until February 2025, followed by re-targeting of isocapnic exercise execution and introduction of a variable-resistance inspiratory training device (PowerBreathe K3). Results. TRI01 exhibits a progressive and coherent restructuration of the ventilatory pattern across the three profilings: at iso-power ~290 W, Rf decreases from 36.49 to 17.21 cycles·min⁻¹ (−52.8 %), Tv increases from 2.52 to 4.53 L (+79.8 %), and VE remains controlled (−14.4 %) between baseline and 12 months. EC01 shows in February 2025 a calibration drift characterized by a focus on Rf reduction without maintenance of tidal volume at rising intensity: at 322 W, Tv decreases to 3.24 L from 3.49 L at the previous stage, VE collapses to 91.61 L·min⁻¹ (vs. ~135 L·min⁻¹ expected at this intensity). After isocapnic re-targeting and introduction of structured inspiratory training, the June 2025 profiling shows at iso-power ~284 W a Tv maintained at 4.19 L and a VE of 92.20 L·min⁻¹ consistent with metabolic demand, accompanied by an improvement in FeO₂ (15.58 % vs. 16.99 % in February).Conclusion. The VST directional signature (Tv ↑, Rf ↓, VE-constrained) appears reproducible outside the WorldTour cohort. The qualitative differential between the two trajectories — optimized signature in TRI01, documented intermediate drift then corrected in EC01 — is compatible with a determining role of intermediate supervisory monitoring in the quality of restructuration. This differential is furthermore convergent with the reference case documented by Ricci a prospective design would remain necessary to establish robust causality.

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Cite This Study

Cyril Ricci (2026) conducted a case report in Athletes (n=2). Ventilatory Strategies & Training (VST) protocol was evaluated on Longitudinal trajectory of the ventilatory pattern. VST-dominant intervention with intermediate supervisory monitoring restructured ventilatory patterns, increasing tidal volume by 79.8% and decreasing respiratory frequency by 52.8% in one athlete.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e9b9e385696592c86ec692https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19676214
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