This research proposes a unified model explaining diabetes outcomes through insulin deficiency, suggesting a shift in understanding diabetes types.
This paper proposes a falsifiable, unified mechanistic model for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, based on the core axioms: Insulin Deficiency ≠ Insulin Resistance, and Hyperglycemia = Total Insulin Functional Deficit (TIFD). It explains both forms of diabetes through insufficient insulin function rather than autoimmunity or cellular resistance, unifying their pathophysiology under a single framework. The model is falsifiable, biologically consistent, and provides clear clinical and research implications.
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FOO SENG ANG (2026) studied this question.
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