What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to clarify the motion dynamics of extranuclear electrons and their stable trajectories.

April 23, 2026Open Access

Continuous Dynamic Equilibrium Motion Mechanism of Extranuclear Electrons (Upgraded Version)

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Demonstrates a continuous motion mechanism for extranuclear electrons, implying a predictable electron cloud formation.

The aim is to clarify the motion dynamics of extranuclear electrons and their stable trajectories.
Theoretical analysis of electron motion without fixed orbits.
Investigation of the balance between electrostatic attraction and electromagnetic repulsion.
Modeling electron trajectories in three-dimensional space.
Electrons exhibit continuous circumferential motion rather than following defined paths.
The resulting 'electron cloud' is based on deterministic motion, not randomness.
Energy level transitions occur along curved paths, negating traditional jumping or teleportation.

Jiaqing Yan (2026) studied this question.

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