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April 25, 2026ZAMM ‐ Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik

Advancements in Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow With Nanolayer Thermal Conductivity: A Comprehensive Study of Activation Energy and Chemical Reaction Over a Double Porous Surface

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Authors

QRQadeer RazaXWXM. WangQRQammar Rubbab

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Overview

Comprehensive study demonstrates fluid dynamics in ternary hybrid nanofluids, highlighting heat transfer improvements and microorganism effects.

Key Points

  • This research aims to investigate how nanolayer thermal conductivity affects the flow and transfer properties of ternary hybrid nanofluids over a permeable surface.
  • Numerical analysis using fourth-order Runge–Kutta method to solve transformed ordinary differential equations.
  • Evaluation of thermal and mass transfer properties with varying nanoparticle shapes and sizes.
  • Graphical representation of physical quantities including Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient.
  • Radial velocity profile decreases by 45% at boundaries and increases by 110% at the center with larger nanoparticles.
  • Temperature profile enhanced by 180% with increased exothermic/endothermic parameters.
  • Nusselt number improves by 58.33% and enhances by 155.35% with increased nanolayer thickness and particle radius.

Cite This Study

Raza et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69ec5b6088ba6daa22dacfd1https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.70414
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