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April 26, 2026International Journal of Molecular SciencesOpen Access

Understanding the Toxicity of Carbon Dots: The Role of Synthesis Variability, Surface Chemistry, and Biological Context

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Authors

HSHasan ShabbirYCYanwen ChenJSJing Sun

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Overview

Review integrates findings on carbon dots cytotoxicity in various biological contexts, suggesting implications for nanomedicine.

Key Points

  • This review aims to synthesize findings on the cytotoxicity of carbon dots and the factors influencing their biological interactions.
  • Review of cytotoxicity studies published over the last decade.
  • Analysis of synthesis methods including hydrothermal, microwave, and chemical reduction.
  • Examination of in vivo studies involving animal models like zebrafish, mice, and planarians.
  • Carbon dots exhibit low toxicity at certain concentrations but can cause oxidative stress and organ damage at high doses.
  • Positive surface charges lead to higher cellular uptake and increased cytotoxicity compared to negative charges.
  • The route of administration significantly influences observed toxicity profiles.

Cite This Study

Shabbir et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69edacdb4a46254e215b4928https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093782
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