Population
In vitro model exposed to serum from patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF)
Design
Preclinical
Authors
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May contribute to endothelial dysfunction via TNF-alpha in severe CHF; leaves open clinical translation from this animal model.
Severe heart failure serum contains circulating factors, including TNF-alpha, that directly promote endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis.
Agnoletti et al. (1999) studied this question.
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