Demonstrates that particle ontology is unnecessary in fundamental physics, indicating its structural redundancy.
This paper establishes that particle ontology is logically unnecessary in fundamental physics. The dimensionless invariant ξ ≡ μα — product of the proton-to-electron mass ratio μ and the fine-structure constant α — cancels all particle-ontological prerequisites through dependence annihilation, yielding a purely spectral quantity. While μ and α individually presuppose particle ontology, their product ξ² = (μα)² resides in the kernel of the scale-valuation map, constituting the unique minimal generator of scale-invariant spectral observables of M₃(ℂ). This is not a numerical coincidence but a structural consequence of axioms A1 (non-commutativity) and A2 (metric completeness). The natural variable ξ² admits a closed-form six-term expansion derived exclusively from axioms A1–A3 of Cognitional Mechanics, with zero free parameters. The numerical value ξ² = 179.5347... agrees with experiment to within 1.73×10⁻¹³ (relative). Once ξ² is constructively realized from the algebra, retaining particle taxonomy as a primitive becomes structurally untenable: the declaration of phlogiston-equivalence is a logical necessity imposed by the algebra itself, not a philosophical preference. All gauge-invariant observables of the Standard Model reduce to spectral data of Spec(D) on the algebra A_F = M₃(ℂ) ⊕ ℂ. The surjective map ℰ: S_spec → T_SM and the Reconstruction Lemma establish that ξ² is a complete gauge-invariant statistic for the observational content of the Standard Model. Asymptotic freedom, DGLAP phenomenology, and three-generation structure are accounted for as Tier-2 projections of M₃(ℂ) without particle ontology. Particle ontology satisfies all three phlogiston-equivalence criteria and is structurally redundant.
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T.O. (2026) studied this question.
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