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This work investigates the spectral completeness of the coupling constant and its role within the Standard Model of particle physics.

April 28, 2026Open Access

Spectral Completeness of ξ² and the Projection Structure of the Standard Model: Invariant Algebra of M3 (C) under Axiomatic Closure

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Randomized trial assesses the spectral coupling constant and its implications for the Standard Model, highlighting a structural relationship.

This work investigates the spectral completeness of the coupling constant and its role within the Standard Model of particle physics.
Defines the state space through a union of orbits from operation algebra under axiomatic closure.
Classifies 19 Standard Model parameters based on eigenvalue-type, orbit-invariant, and basis-mixing projections.
Proves algebraic relationships and invariants within the CM framework for parameter mappings.
Establishes ξ² as a complete statistic for the observational content with a bijection of dimension 1.
Classifies Standard Model parameters as projections with a maximum degree of freedom bound at 11.
Predicts deviation of the ratio αₛ/α_em at Planck scale to be approximately 1.857, differentiating from Standard Model results.

T.O. (2026) studied this question.

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Randomized trial assesses the spectral coupling constant and its implications for the Standard Model, highlighting a structural relationship.