Unstable Coronary Plaque and Its Relation to Coronary Calcium

Coronary calcium is intimately associated with coronary atherosclerotic plaque development. The use of electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) for accurate quantitative measurements has led to an increased interest in understanding the clinical importance of coronary calcium, particularly in terms of the ability to identify unstable coronary plaques that underlie the clinical acute coronary syndromes. Histopathologic studies have demonstrated that calcium is a frequent feature of ruptured plaques, but the presence or absence of calcium does not allow for reliable distinction between unstable versus stable plaques. This issue is complicated by the lack of a prospective definition for "unstable." Plaque rupture is sometimes found in apparently healthy subjects and in patients with clinically stable disease. Coronary atherosclerosis is a coronary systemic disease process. Imaging of coronary calcium, although unable to identify a localized unstable plaque, potentially can identify the more clinically pertinent "unstable patient." Almost all patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome have measurable coronary calcium because moderate-to-advanced coronary plaque disease is already present, although obstructive disease frequently is not. Prospective studies have demonstrated that extensive coronary calcium detected by EBCT is associated with a significantly increased incidence of subsequent myocardial infarction, need for revascularization, and coronary death. The incremental prognostic value of coronary calcium compared with that of risk factor assessment remains to be fully defined. The occurrence of an acute coronary syndrome is determined by many factors apart from the extent of atherosclerotic plaque disease. Large prospective trials in the general population are needed to define the subgroups that will benefit most from quantitative assessment of coronary calcium.